I roto i tētahi panuitanga nui i te ahiahi o te 3 o Oketopa, 2023, i huraina te Tohu Nobel mō te Ahupūngao mō te tau 2023, hei whakamihi i ngā takoha nui a ētahi kaipūtaiao tokotoru i takaro i ngā tūranga nui hei paionia i roto i te ao o te hangarau taiaho attosecond.

Ko te ingoa o te kupu "attosecond laser" i ahu mai i te poto rawa o te wā e mahi ana ia, inā koa i roto i te raupapa o ngā attosecond, e rite ana ki te 10^-18 hēkona. Hei mārama ki te hiranga hohonu o tēnei hangarau, he mea nui te māramatanga taketake o te tikanga o te attosecond. Ko te attosecond he waeine wā tino meneti, e hanga ana i te kotahi piriona o te piriona o te hēkona i roto i te horopaki whānui o te hēkona kotahi. Hei whakamārama i tēnei, ki te whakarite tātou i te hēkona ki tētahi maunga teitei, ka rite te attosecond ki tētahi kirikiri kotahi e takoto ana i te turanga o te maunga. I roto i tēnei wā poto, ahakoa te mārama, kāore e taea e ia te whiti i tētahi tawhiti e rite ana ki te rahi o tētahi ngota takitahi. Mā te whakamahi i ngā attosecond laser, ka whiwhi ngā kaipūtaiao i te kaha onge ki te tirotiro me te whakahaere i ngā mahi uaua o ngā irahiko i roto i ngā hanganga ngota, he rite ki te tukurua puhoi-anga-ki-anga i roto i tētahi raupapa kiriata, ā, ka ruku hohonu ki roto i ā rātou mahi.

Ngā taiaho attosecondKo te mutunga tēnei o ngā rangahau whānui me ngā mahi tahi a ngā kaipūtaiao, kua whakamahi i ngā mātāpono o ngā whatu kore-raina hei hanga i ngā reera tino tere. Nā tō rātou taenga mai kua whakaratohia mai he tirohanga auaha ki a tātou mō te tirotiro me te tūhura i ngā tukanga hihiri e puta ana i roto i ngā ngota, ngā ngota, tae atu ki ngā irahiko i roto i ngā rauemi totoka.

Hei whakamārama i te āhua o ngā taiaho attosecond me te maioha ki ō rātou āhuatanga rerekē ki te whakataurite ki ngā taiaho tuku iho, he mea nui kia tūhuratia ō rātou whakarōpūtanga i roto i te "whānau taiaho" whānui. Mā te whakarōpūtanga mā te roanga ngaru ka whakanohohia ngā taiaho attosecond ki roto i te whānuitanga o ngā auau hihi-X ultraviolet ki te ngawari, e tohu ana i ō rātou roanga ngaru poto ake i te whakataurite ki ngā taiaho tuku iho. Mō ngā momo putanga, ka taka ngā taiaho attosecond ki raro i te kāwai o ngā taiaho pāorooro, e tohuhia ana e ō rātou roanga pāorooro poto rawa. Hei whakatakoto i tētahi kupu whakarite mō te māramatanga, ka taea te whakaaro ko ngā taiaho ngaru tonu he rite ki te rama e tuku ana i tētahi hihi mārama tonu, ko ngā taiaho pāorooro he rite ki te rama strobe, e tere ana te whakawhiti i waenga i ngā wā o te māramatanga me te pōuri. Ko te tikanga, ka whakaatuhia e ngā taiaho attosecond he whanonga pāorooro i roto i te māramatanga me te pōuri, engari ko tā rātou whakawhiti i waenga i ngā āhua e rua ka puta i te auau whakamiharo, ka tae ki te ao o ngā attosecond.

Mā te whakarōpūtanga anō mā te mana ka whakanohohia ngā taiaho ki ngā āwhata mana-iti, mana-waenga, me te mana-nui. Ka eke ngā taiaho attosecond ki te mana tihi teitei nā te poto rawa o te roa o te pā, ka hua ake he mana tihi nui (P) – e tautuhia ana ko te kaha o te pūngao mō ia wae wā (P=W/t). Ahakoa kāore pea i te tino nui te pūngao (W) o ia pā taiaho attosecond, ko te whānuitanga wā poto (t) ka hoatu ki a rātou he mana tihi teitei.

Mō ngā mara tono, ka horapa ngā taiaho i ngā momo tono ahumahi, hauora, me te pūtaiao. Ko te nuinga o ngā taiaho attosecond ka kitea tō rātou wāhi i roto i te ao rangahau pūtaiao, inā koa i roto i te tūhuratanga o ngā āhuatanga e tere whanake ana i roto i ngā mara ahupūngao me te matū, e tuku ana i te matapihi ki ngā tukanga hihiri tere o te ao moroiti.

Mā te whakarōpūtanga mā te reo taiaho ka wehewehea ngā taiaho hei taiaho hau, taiaho totoka, taiaho wai, me taiaho haurua-ira. Ko te whakaputanga o ngā taiaho attosecond e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā reo taiaho hau, e whakamahi ana i ngā pānga whatu kore-raina hei whakaputa i ngā harmonika ota-teitei.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, he momo ahurei ngā taiaho attosecond o ngā taiaho poto-pā, e wehewehea ana e ō rātou roanga pā tino poto, e inehia ana i roto i ngā attosecond. Nō reira, kua noho hei taputapu tino nui mō te tirotiro me te whakahaere i ngā tukanga hihiri tino tere o ngā irahiko i roto i ngā ngota, ngā ngota, me ngā rauemi totoka.

Te Tukanga Whanui o te Whakaputa Taiaho Attosecond

Ko te hangarau taiaho attosecond te tū ana i te taha mua o te auahatanga pūtaiao, me te whakamanamana i tētahi huinga āhuatanga tino uaua mō tōna whakaputanga. Hei whakamārama i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te whakaputanga taiaho attosecond, ka tīmata tātou me tētahi whakamārama poto o ōna mātāpono taketake, ā, ka whai ake ko ngā kupu whakarite oraora i ahu mai i ngā wheako o ia rā. Kāore e tika kia ngakaukore ngā kaipānui kāore i te mōhio ki ngā āhuatanga uaua o te ahupūngao e pā ana, nā te mea ko ngā kupu whakarite e whai ake nei he mea kia ngāwari te uru atu ki ngā ahupūngao taketake o ngā taiaho attosecond.

Ko te tukanga whakaputa o ngā taiaho attosecond e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tikanga e mōhiotia ana ko te Whakaputa Harmonic Teitei (HHG). Tuatahi, ka arotahihia he hihi o ngā pā o te taiaho femtosecond kaha-teitei (10^-15 hēkona) ki runga i tētahi rauemi ūnga hau. He mea tika kia mōhio ko ngā taiaho femtosecond, he rite ki ngā taiaho attosecond, he rite ngā āhuatanga o te whai i ngā roanga pā poto me te mana tihi teitei. I raro i te awe o te mara taiaho kaha, ka tukuna ngā irahiko i roto i ngā ngota hau mai i ō rātou karihi ngota, ka uru ki te āhua o ngā irahiko kore utu mō tētahi wā poto. I a ēnei irahiko e wiri ana hei whakautu ki te mara taiaho, ka hoki mai rātou ki te hono anō ki ō rātou karihi ngota matua, ka hanga he āhua pūngao-teitei hou.

I roto i tēnei tukanga, ka neke ngā irahiko i ngā tere tino tiketike, ā, i te whakakotahitanga ki ngā karihi ngota, ka tukuna he pūngao tāpiri i roto i te ahua o ngā tukunga harmonic teitei, ka puta hei photon pūngao-tiketike.

Ko ngā auau o ēnei photon pūngao-teitei hou he taurangi tauoti o te auau taiaho taketake, ka hangaia he mea e kiia nei ko ngā harmonika oro-teitei, ko te "harmonika" e tohu ana i ngā auau he taurangi whakauru o te auau taketake. Hei whakatutuki i ngā taiaho attosecond, me tātari me te arotahi i ēnei harmonika oro-teitei, me te whiriwhiri i ngā harmonika motuhake me te whakawhāiti i a rātou ki tētahi pūwāhi arotahi. Mena e hiahiatia ana, ka taea e ngā tikanga pēhi pao te whakapoto ake i te roa o te pao, ka puta he pao poto rawa i te awhe attosecond. He mārama, ko te whakaputanga o ngā taiaho attosecond he tukanga matatau me te maha-āhua, e hiahia ana ki te taumata teitei o te pūkenga hangarau me ngā taputapu motuhake.

Hei whakamārama i tēnei tukanga uaua, ka tukuna atu e mātou tētahi whakataurite whakarite e ahu mai ana i ngā āhuatanga o ia rā:

Ngā Pātere Reiti Femtosecond Kaha-Tiketike:

Whakaarohia kei a koe tētahi pere tino kaha e kaha ana ki te whiu kōhatu i ngā tere nunui, he rite ki te mahi a ngā pāoro taiaho femtosecond kaha-tiketike.

Rauemi Whāinga Hau:

Whakaarohia he wai marino e tohu ana i te rauemi hau e whaia ana, ko ia pata wai e tohu ana i te tini o ngā ngota hau. Ko te mahi a te pana i ngā kōhatu ki roto i tēnei wai he rite tonu ki te pānga o ngā pāorooro taiaho femtosecond kaha ki runga i te rauemi hau e whaia ana.

Te Nekehanga me te Whakakotahitanga o ngā Irahiko (E kiia ana ko te Whakawhiti):

Ina pāngia ngā ngota hau i roto i te rauemi ūnga hau e ngā pā o te taiaho femtosecond, ka whakaohokia he maha o ngā irahiko o waho mō tētahi wā poto ki tētahi āhua ka wehe atu i ō rātou karihi ngota, ka hanga he āhua rite ki te plasma. I te hekenga o te kaha o te pūnaha i muri mai (nā te mea he pā tonu ngā pā o te taiaho, me ngā wā whakamutu), ka hoki ēnei irahiko o waho ki te taha o ngā karihi ngota, ka tukuna ngā photon kaha-teitei.

Te Whakaputa Harmonic Teitei:

Whakaarohia i ia wā ka taka te pata wai ki te mata o te roto, ka hangaia he ngaru, he rite ki ngā harmonika teitei i roto i ngā taiaho attosecond. He teitei ake ngā auau me ngā kaha o ēnei ngaru i ngā ngaru taketake i puta mai i te pā o te taiaho femtosecond tuatahi. I roto i te tukanga HHG, ka whakamāramahia e te hihi taiaho kaha, he rite ki te whiu tonu i ngā kōhatu, he whāinga hau, he rite ki te mata o te roto. Ka panaia e tēnei mara taiaho kaha ngā irahiko i roto i te hau, he rite ki ngā ngaru, kia matara atu i ō rātou ngota matua, kātahi ka kumea whakamuri. I ia wā ka hoki te irahiko ki te ngota, ka tukuna he hihi taiaho hou me te auau teitei ake, he rite ki ngā tauira ngaru uaua ake.

Te Tātari me te Arotahi:

Mā te whakakotahi i ēnei hihi taiaho hou katoa ka puta he whānuitanga o ngā tae rerekē (ngā auau, ngā roangaru rānei), ko ētahi o ēnei ka hanga i te taiaho attosecond. Hei wehewehe i ngā rahi me ngā auautanga o ngā ngaru motuhake, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i tētahi tātari motuhake, he rite ki te tīpako i ngā ngaru e hiahiatia ana, me te whakamahi i tētahi karāhe whakanui hei arotahi i a rātou ki tētahi wāhi motuhake.

Te pēhitanga o te pā (mēnā e tika ana):

Ki te hiahia koe ki te hora tere ake, ki te poto ake hoki i ngā ngaru, ka taea e koe te whakateretere i tō rātou horapa mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu motuhake, ka whakaiti i te roa o ia ngaru. Ko te whakaputanga o ngā taiaho attosecond he hononga uaua o ngā tukanga. Heoi, ina wehewehea, ina tirohia, ka mārama ake.